How to Grow Cowpeas USA | Planting & Establishment

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

A handful of dried cream and black-eyed cowpea seeds. Photo: Kadjia18, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Also known as: Black-eyed Pea · 2 sources cited

The short answer

Ready in: 65–125 days
Site: soil pH 5.5–6.5

In the UK, cowpeas are ready to harvest 65–125 days after planting.

Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) — Frost-tender annual or short-lived perennial, grown as an annual.

Unlike an annual crop, the work here is front-loaded into establishment: get the planting and the site right and the same plants crop for several seasons.

Soil & Growing Conditions

A trellised yardlong bean garden — “Kebon kacang panjang, vigna unguiculata” by Uchup19 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Kebon kacang panjang, vigna unguiculata” by Uchup19 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Water: Low to moderate; short-duration types need under 500 mm

Soil pH range

5.5 6.5

Span reflects genuine variation between the cited authorities, not a single agreed figure.

Quick Facts

Pink-flushed cowpea pods bundled for market — “Feijão de corda” by Sintegrity is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Feijão de corda” by Sintegrity is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Factor	Value
Soil pH	5.5 - 6.5
Optimal growing temp	25-35C
Time to harvest	65-125 days
Soil texture	Wide range of soil types provided they are well drained
Drainage	Well-drained
Lifecycle	Frost-tender annual or short-lived perennial, grown as an annual.

Harvest & Storage

Cowpea plants carrying pods in a field — “Cowpea cultivation 01” by Ganesh Mohan T is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Cowpea cultivation 01” by Ganesh Mohan T is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

When to pick: Clemson gives maturity dates from around 65 to 125 days. Snap pods are picked young and tender; shelling types are left until the pods fill and begin to dry.

Cowpea through the season

A handful of dried cream and black-eyed cowpea seeds — “Le niébé rouge” by Kadjia18 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Le niébé rouge” by Kadjia18 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Black-eyed peas

The familiar cream seed with its dark hilum. Cowpea seed also comes brown, pink and white.

A cowpea plant with a white flower bud opening — “Cowpea flower and plant” by Prahlad balaji is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Cowpea flower and plant” by Prahlad balaji is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Coming into bud

Early cultivars flower about 30 days after sowing; late indeterminate types take 90-100.

A white and purple cowpea flower — “Cowpea flower” by Abhay iari is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Cowpea flower” by Abhay iari is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The flower

Papilionaceous and pink to purple, sometimes white or yellowish, unlike the yellow of most Vigna pulses.

A green cowpea pod developing on the stem — “Caterpillar of Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) – Gram Blue on Vigna unguiculata” by Bias Chakraborty is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Caterpillar of Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) – Gram Blue on Vigna unguiculata” by Bias Chakraborty is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Pod set

Pods are linear-cylindrical. Above 35C flowers and pods are shed, so timing matters in hot spells.

Carrying a crop

Snap pods are picked young; shelling types are left until the pods fill and begin to dry.

Pod colour

Cultivars vary widely. These pink-flushed pods are sold fresh for shelling.

The long pods of the yardlong bean cultivar group hanging from the vine — “Cowpea (Atyap people called it "A̱wowat-mbwak") 07” by Danjuma Anthony is licensed under CC0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Cowpea (Atyap people called it "A̱wowat-mbwak") 07” by Danjuma Anthony is licensed under CC0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The yardlong form

Asian selection produced cultivar-groups with pods to 120 cm, grown for the immature pod rather than dry seed.

Grown on supports

Climbing types need real headroom. Stems reach 4 m.

A field of cowpea in full leaf — “Field of Vigna unguiculata” by Thamizhpparithi Maari is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Field of Vigna unguiculata” by Thamizhpparithi Maari is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Field scale

One of Africa's most important food legumes, and a field crop across the southern USA.

Dried cowpea seed being scooped at a market — “Niébé blanc” by Kadjia18 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons — “Niébé blanc” by Kadjia18 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Sold dry

Cowpea keeps well once dried, though the cowpea weevil is the main storage pest.

References

2 independent sources are cited for this crop. Where they disagree - soil pH is the clearest case - every figure is preserved rather than averaged into false precision.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long do cowpeas take to grow?

Typically 65–125 days, depending on cultivar and growing conditions.

What soil pH do cowpeas need?

A pH of about 5.5–6.5. That span reflects genuine variation between the authorities we cite rather than a single agreed figure — the References section lists each source's exact range.

Plan next season before the problems start

Almost everything on this page resolves to your own frost dates rather than the calendar — the last spring frost moves by roughly two months between zone 3 and zone 10. The USA Garden Planner works from your zone so the timing is already decided before the season starts.

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SoilCommander Editorial Team

US vegetable growing guides · Adapted for USDA hardiness zones and US frost dates

Every SoilCommander guide is written and maintained by our editorial team for real US growing conditions, adapted to USDA hardiness zones and US frost-date data, with Cooperative Extension growing advice cited directly where a crop-specific source exists.

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How to Grow Cowpeas USA | Planting & Establishment

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Soil & Growing Conditions

Quick Facts

Harvest & Storage

Cowpea through the season

References

Frequently Asked Questions

Where To Go From Here

Plan the next step

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How to Grow Cowpeas USA | Planting & Establishment

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Soil & Growing Conditions

Quick Facts

Harvest & Storage

Cowpea through the season

References

Frequently Asked Questions

Where To Go From Here

Plan your veg garden before you dig a single inch

Plan the next step