UK Vegetable Crop Database

A structured reference for growing 38 vegetables, fruit and herbs in UK gardens and allotments — sowing and harvest windows, plant spacing, common pests with organic controls, and companion planting. This is the same knowledge base that powers the free Garden Layout Planner, published here as plain, readable data.

Sources & conditions. Built from a Gemini Deep Research report anchored on RHS (rhs.org.uk) and Garden Organic, UK conditions. Timings are a baseline for Central UK — adjust one to three weeks later in the north, earlier in the south. Month ranges show typical UK windows, not hard limits.

Quick reference: all 38 crops

Crop Family Sow Plant out Harvest Spacing Sun
Tomato (outdoor / cordon) Potato & tomato family Feb–Apr May Jul–Sep 45 cm apart (~4.9/m²) Full sun
Potato (maincrop) Potato & tomato family Apr Apr Aug–Oct 41 cm apart (~6/m²) Full sun
Carrot Roots / umbellifers Feb–Jul May–Oct 10 cm apart (~100/m²) Full sun
Onion (from sets) Onion family Jan–Apr Mar, Apr, Sep 13 cm apart (~60/m²) Full sun
Shallot Onion family Feb–Apr Mar–May Jun–Aug 16 cm apart (~40/m²) Full sun
Spring onion Onion family Mar–Aug Apr–May Mar–Sep 7 cm apart (~200/m²) Full sun
Leek Onion family Mar–Apr May–Jul Jan, Feb, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec 22 cm apart (~20/m²) full-or-partial
Garlic Onion family Feb, Mar, Nov Feb, Mar, Nov Jun–Jul 21 cm apart (~22/m²) Full sun
Runner bean Legumes Apr–May May–Jun Jul–Oct Full sun
French bean (dwarf) Legumes Apr–Jun May–Jun Jul–Aug 24 cm apart (~18/m²) Full sun
Broad bean Legumes Jan, Mar, Apr, Nov, Dec Mar Jun–Aug 29 cm apart (~12/m²) Full sun
Pea Legumes Mar–Jun Mar–Apr Jun–Sep 17 cm apart (~33/m²) Full sun
Cabbage (summer/autumn) Brassicas Feb–Jun May–Jul Jul–Oct 58 cm apart (~3/m²) Full sun
Kale Brassicas May–Jun Jun–Jul Jan, Feb, Nov, Dec 30 cm apart (~11.1/m²) full-or-partial
Broccoli / calabrese Brassicas Apr–Jun Jun–Jul Sep–Dec 20 cm apart (~25/m²) Full sun
Cauliflower Brassicas Mar–May Jun–Jul Aug–Nov 58 cm apart (~3/m²) Full sun
Brussels sprouts Brassicas Feb–May Jun Sep–Dec 61 cm apart (~2.7/m²) Full sun
Turnip Brassicas Mar–Aug May–Nov 21 cm apart (~22/m²) full-or-partial
Swede Brassicas Apr–Jul Jan, Feb, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec 26 cm apart (~15/m²) Full sun
Radish Brassicas Feb–Aug Mar–Sep 7 cm apart (~200/m²) full-or-partial
Rocket Brassicas Feb–Sep Mar–May Apr–Oct 15 cm apart (~44/m²) full-or-partial
Lettuce Flexible / other Feb–Sep Mar–Jun May–Oct 25 cm apart (~16/m²) full-or-partial
Spinach Flexible / other Mar, Apr, May, Sep Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov, Dec 21 cm apart (~22/m²) full-or-partial
Swiss chard Flexible / other Mar–Jul Apr–Jul Jun–Oct 21 cm apart (~22/m²) full-or-partial
Beetroot Roots / umbellifers Mar–Jul Mar–May Jun–Oct 10 cm apart (~100/m²) Full sun
Parsnip Roots / umbellifers Apr–May Jan, Feb, Mar, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec full-or-partial
Celery Roots / umbellifers Mar–Apr May–Jun Aug–Oct 23 cm apart (~18.9/m²) full-or-partial
Celeriac Roots / umbellifers Mar May–Jun Sep–Dec 30 cm apart (~11.1/m²) full-or-partial
Courgette Cucurbits Apr–May May Jul–Sep 100 cm apart (~1/m²) Full sun
Winter squash Cucurbits Apr–May May Sep–Nov 100 cm apart (~1/m²) Full sun
Pumpkin Cucurbits Apr–Jun May–Jun Sep–Oct 112 cm apart (~0.8/m²) Full sun
Cucumber (outdoor / ridge) Cucurbits Apr Jun Jul–Sep Full sun
Sweetcorn Flexible / other Apr–Jun May–Jun Aug–Oct 45 cm apart (~4.9/m²) Full sun
Pepper / chilli Potato & tomato family Feb–Apr May Jul–Sep Full sun
Aubergine Potato & tomato family Feb–Mar May Aug–Oct Full sun
Strawberry Perennials Aug–Sep Mar–May Jun–Jul 48 cm apart (~4.4/m²) Full sun
Rhubarb Perennials Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov Apr–Jul 110 cm apart (~0.83/m²) full-or-partial
Asparagus Perennials Mar–Apr Apr–May Full sun

Legumes

Nitrogen-fixing; brassicas benefit following them. Peas & beans.

Runner bean

Phaseolus coccineus · Fabaceae

Sow
Apr–May (indoors)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Jul–Oct
Spacing
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Blackfly / aphids — Pinch out growing tips once at top of supports.
Bean rust — Clear plant debris; rotate.

Good companions: sweetcorn, pumpkin, Nasturtium

French bean (dwarf)

Phaseolus vulgaris · Fabaceae

Sow
Apr–Jun (indoors)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Jul–Aug
Spacing
24 cm apart (~18/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Bean seed fly — Exclude early sowings with fleece.
Bean rust — Strict crop rotation.

Good companions: Nasturtium

Broad bean

Vicia faba · Fabaceae

Sow
Jan, Mar, Apr, Nov, Dec (direct)
Plant out
Mar
Harvest
Jun–Aug
Spacing
29 cm apart (~12/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Blackfly — Pinch out shoot tips once first pods set.
Pea & bean weevil — Tolerate leaf-notch damage on established plants.

Good companions: Nasturtium

Pea

Pisum sativum · Fabaceae

Sow
Mar–Jun (direct)
Plant out
Mar–Apr
Harvest
Jun–Sep
Spacing
17 cm apart (~33/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Mice — Start indoors (e.g. in guttering) to protect seed.
Powdery mildew — Deep, consistent watering in dry spells.

Brassicas

Clubroot & cabbage root fly risk; net & rotate. Cabbage, kale, roots like turnip/swede/radish/rocket.

Cabbage (summer/autumn)

Brassica oleracea (Capitata) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Feb–Jun (module)
Plant out
May–Jul
Harvest
Jul–Oct
Spacing
58 cm apart (~3/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Cabbage root fly — Fine mesh or cabbage collars at the stem base.
Club root — Rotate; lime acidic soil; never repeat brassicas in same bed.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Kale

Brassica oleracea (Acephala) · Brassicaceae

Sow
May–Jun (direct)
Plant out
Jun–Jul
Harvest
Jan, Feb, Nov, Dec
Spacing
30 cm apart (~11.1/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Cabbage root fly — Insect-proof mesh; collars.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Broccoli / calabrese

Brassica oleracea (Italica) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Apr–Jun (module)
Plant out
Jun–Jul
Harvest
Sep–Dec
Spacing
20 cm apart (~25/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Cabbage root fly — Fine mesh covering.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Cauliflower

Brassica oleracea (Botrytis) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Mar–May (module)
Plant out
Jun–Jul
Harvest
Aug–Nov
Spacing
58 cm apart (~3/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Cabbage caterpillars — Physical mesh barrier against Large/Small White butterflies.
Club root — Crop rotation to prevent build-up.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Brussels sprouts

Brassica oleracea (Gemmifera) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Feb–May (module)
Plant out
Jun
Harvest
Sep–Dec
Spacing
61 cm apart (~2.7/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Cabbage root fly — Grow under insect-proof mesh.
Pigeons — Taut netting over winter foliage.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Turnip

Brassica rapa (Rapifera) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Mar–Aug (direct)
Harvest
May–Nov
Spacing
21 cm apart (~22/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Flea beetle — Fleece if severe; cosmetic damage often tolerable.
Club root — Enforce crop rotation.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Swede

Brassica napus (Napobrassica) · Brassicaceae

Sow
Apr–Jul (direct)
Harvest
Jan, Feb, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Spacing
26 cm apart (~15/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Powdery mildew — Keep moisture consistent; mulch to avoid drought stress.
Cabbage root fly — Mesh covering.

Good companions: Clover / trefoil (living mulch)

Radish

Raphanus sativus · Brassicaceae

Sow
Feb–Aug (direct)
Harvest
Mar–Sep
Spacing
7 cm apart (~200/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Flea beetle — Fleece over drills at sowing.
Slugs & snails — Nematode biocontrol in damp spring weather.

Rocket

Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa · Brassicaceae

Sow
Feb–Sep (direct)
Plant out
Mar–May
Harvest
Apr–Oct
Spacing
15 cm apart (~44/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Flea beetle — Physical barrier; tolerate cosmetic shot-holes.
Slugs & snails — Protect young plants / biocontrol.

Onion family

White rot persists in soil for years; long rotation. Onion, garlic, leek, shallot, spring onion.

Onion (from sets)

Allium cepa · Amaryllidaceae

Sow
Jan–Apr (direct)
Plant out
Mar, Apr, Sep
Harvest
Spacing
13 cm apart (~60/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Birds — Fleece/net until sets are rooted (birds tug them out).
Onion white rot — No cure in soil — enforce strict long rotation.

Good companions: carrot

Shallot

Allium cepa var. aggregatum · Amaryllidaceae

Sow
Feb–Apr (direct)
Plant out
Mar–May
Harvest
Jun–Aug
Spacing
16 cm apart (~40/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Onion neck rot — Cure and dry-store well; usually appears in storage.
Onion fly / leek moth — Physical insect-proof mesh.

Spring onion

Allium fistulosum / A. cepa · Amaryllidaceae

Sow
Mar–Aug (direct)
Plant out
Apr–May
Harvest
Mar–Sep
Spacing
7 cm apart (~200/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Onion downy mildew — Avoid dense sowing; keep airflow.
Slugs — Biological/nematode control in damp weather.

Leek

Allium porrum · Amaryllidaceae

Sow
Mar–Apr (direct)
Plant out
May–Jul
Harvest
Jan, Feb, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Spacing
22 cm apart (~20/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Leek rust — Resistant cultivars; avoid crowding for airflow.
Allium leaf miner — Insect-proof mesh over the crop.

Garlic

Allium sativum · Amaryllidaceae

Sow
Feb, Mar, Nov (direct)
Plant out
Feb, Mar, Nov
Harvest
Jun–Jul
Spacing
21 cm apart (~22/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Slugs — Biological control on new spring growth.
Leek rust — Space adequately for airflow.

Good companions: strawberry

Potato & tomato family

Blight-prone heavy feeders; keep apart & rotate hard. Potato, tomato, pepper, aubergine.

Tomato (outdoor / cordon)

Solanum lycopersicum · Solanaceae

Sow
Feb–Apr (indoors)
Plant out
May
Harvest
Jul–Sep
Spacing
45 cm apart (~4.9/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Tomato blight — Use resistant cultivars; keep foliage dry; rotate away from potatoes.
Blossom end rot — Water consistently to maintain calcium uptake.

Good companions: French marigold (Tagetes), Basil

Potato (maincrop)

Solanum tuberosum · Solanaceae

Sow
Apr (direct)
Plant out
Apr
Harvest
Aug–Oct
Spacing
41 cm apart (~6/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Potato blight — Remove top growth at first sign; grow certified seed; rotate.
Potato scab — Rotate crops; avoid dry soil; add fresh compost.

Pepper / chilli

Capsicum · Solanaceae

Sow
Feb–Apr (indoors)
Plant out
May
Harvest
Jul–Sep
Spacing
Sun
Full sun · needs protection/greenhouse

Watch for: Glasshouse red spider mite — Damp down floors to raise humidity.
Aphids / whitefly — Trap crops or biological controls.

Aubergine

Solanum melongena · Solanaceae

Sow
Feb–Mar (indoors)
Plant out
May
Harvest
Aug–Oct
Spacing
Sun
Full sun · needs protection/greenhouse

Watch for: Glasshouse whitefly — Biological predators or trap crops.
Glasshouse red spider mite — Increase humidity by damping down.

Roots / umbellifers

Carrot fly risk. Carrot, parsnip, beetroot, celery, celeriac.

Carrot

Daucus carota · Apiaceae

Sow
Feb–Jul (direct)
Harvest
May–Oct
Spacing
10 cm apart (~100/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Carrot fly — Cover with fine insect-proof mesh/fleece; avoid thinning in still air; resistant cultivars.

Good companions: onion

Beetroot

Beta vulgaris · Amaranthaceae

Sow
Mar–Jul (direct)
Plant out
Mar–May
Harvest
Jun–Oct
Spacing
10 cm apart (~100/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Hard frost (disorder) — Insulate with 30 cm straw/bracken for over-winter storage in ground.

Parsnip

Pastinaca sativa · Apiaceae

Sow
Apr–May (direct)
Harvest
Jan, Feb, Mar, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Spacing
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Carrot fly — Insect-proof mesh; don't sow in recent carrot beds.

Celery

Apium graveolens · Apiaceae

Sow
Mar–Apr (module)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Aug–Oct
Spacing
23 cm apart (~18.9/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Celery leaf spot — Cultural control; use clean seed.
Slugs & snails — Biological control.

Celeriac

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum · Apiaceae

Sow
Mar (module)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Sep–Dec
Spacing
30 cm apart (~11.1/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Celery leaf miner — Cover with fleece/mesh.
Slugs & snails — Biological control.

Cucurbits

Hungry, sprawling, frost-tender. Courgette, squash, pumpkin, cucumber.

Courgette

Cucurbita pepo · Cucurbitaceae

Sow
Apr–May (indoors)
Plant out
May
Harvest
Jul–Sep
Spacing
100 cm apart (~1/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Slugs — Protect direct-sown/young seedlings immediately.

Winter squash

Cucurbita spp. · Cucurbitaceae

Sow
Apr–May (indoors)
Plant out
May
Harvest
Sep–Nov
Spacing
100 cm apart (~1/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Fungus gnats / sciarid fly — Nematode biocontrol at indoor seedling stage.

Good companions: sweetcorn, runner-bean

Pumpkin

Cucurbita pepo/maxima · Cucurbitaceae

Sow
Apr–Jun (indoors)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Sep–Oct
Spacing
112 cm apart (~0.8/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Powdery mildew — Deep consistent watering; avoid drought stress.
Slugs — Start indoors to bypass early grazing.

Good companions: sweetcorn, runner-bean

Cucumber (outdoor / ridge)

Cucumis sativus · Cucurbitaceae

Sow
Apr (indoors)
Plant out
Jun
Harvest
Jul–Sep
Spacing
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Glasshouse whitefly — Trap crops or tolerate; worse under cover.
Powdery mildew / cucumber mosaic virus — Keep moisture consistent; remove infected plants.

Flexible / other

Low rotation constraint; useful gap-fillers. Lettuce, spinach, chard, sweetcorn.

Lettuce

Lactuca sativa · Asteraceae

Sow
Feb–Sep (direct)
Plant out
Mar–Jun
Harvest
May–Oct
Spacing
25 cm apart (~16/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Slugs & snails — Nematode biocontrol or physical barrier.
Aphids — Encourage predators (see alyssum companion) or use trap crops.

Good companions: Sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima)

Spinach

Spinacia oleracea · Amaranthaceae

Sow
Mar, Apr, May, Sep (direct)
Harvest
Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov, Dec
Spacing
21 cm apart (~22/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Downy mildew — Avoid overcrowding; keep airflow.
Pigeons — Netting over winter/spring foliage.

Swiss chard

Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla · Amaranthaceae

Sow
Mar–Jul (direct)
Plant out
Apr–Jul
Harvest
Jun–Oct
Spacing
21 cm apart (~22/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial

Watch for: Grey mould — Space well for airflow in humid weather.
Birds — Taut netting over emerging seedlings.

Sweetcorn

Zea mays · Poaceae

Sow
Apr–Jun (indoors)
Plant out
May–Jun
Harvest
Aug–Oct
Spacing
45 cm apart (~4.9/m²)
Sun
Full sun

Watch for: Smut — Cut out and destroy grey galls in hot weather.
Badgers / mice / birds — Physical cage over ripening cobs.

Good companions: runner-bean, pumpkin

Perennials

Pinned, out of rotation. Strawberry, rhubarb, asparagus.

Strawberry

Fragaria x ananassa · Rosaceae

Sow
Aug–Sep (runners)
Plant out
Mar–May
Harvest
Jun–Jul
Spacing
48 cm apart (~4.4/m²)
Sun
Full sun · perennial

Watch for: Grey mould — Straw mulch under fruit; water at the base only.
Red spider mite / aphids — Biological controls.

Good companions: garlic

Rhubarb

Rheum rhabarbarum · Polygonaceae

Sow
Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov (crowns)
Plant out
Mar, Apr, Oct, Nov
Harvest
Apr–Jul
Spacing
110 cm apart (~0.83/m²)
Sun
full-or-partial · perennial

Asparagus

Asparagus officinalis · Asparagaceae

Sow
— (crowns)
Plant out
Mar–Apr
Harvest
Apr–May
Spacing
Sun
Full sun · perennial

Watch for: Asparagus beetle — Hand-pick adults/larvae daily through May.

Turn this into a bed plan with the free Garden Layout Planner, or see month-by-month timing in the UK Vegetable Planting Calendar. For step-by-step growing guides, browse the A–Z of vegetable guides.